Delhi has always been a seat of power and a witness to the reign of different dynasties, both Hindus and Muslims and the terrible wars and revolts that have resulted in overturning of thrones and passing of the city from one hand to other. It has also been under the British rule for long and the well planned and sophisticated and aristocratic structures of the later period can be attributed to that period. These diverse rulers have left an indelible impression on the rich architectural and cultural heritage of the city.
 

The history of Delhi is believed to be 2500 years old. In the 12th centre, Delhi emerged as the most important centre of Hinduism is north India during the reign of Chauhans but since 1193, when Qutab-ud-din Aibak occupied the city, it had been almost constantly under Muslim rule as Delhi Sultanate that possessed the city from 1206 to 1526 was followed by the Mughal empire that lasted till 1857. Then, British got hold of the city and they deprived Delhi of being the political capital of India despite its being the important commercial centre until 1911, when they could no longer restrain the spirit of Delhi to once again achieve the status of being the city of rulers. However, they did give a new face to the city in the form of the well-planned and imperial New Delhi. Today, most of the Delhi population consists of those who migrated here from various places during 'Partition' or afterwards due to the immense opportunities that the city had to offer.

Places to See ...

Qutab Minar

To the south of Delhi, the tallest structure of its time, Qutub Minar is 72.5 m in height and has a mosque at the base. It is a magnificent structure whose construction started in 1199 by a Muslim King Qutab-ud-din Aibak (after whom it was named) and was finished by his heir IItutmish. There is an iron pillar standing proudly in front of it since 5th century and has not rusted till yet! It is said that if one hugs this Iron Pillar of Mehrauli and wish for something, it is granted. Unfortunately, the authorities had to disallow tourists from climbing to its top because of several suicide attempts that came into light here. However, there are so many ruins of the ancient times surrounding the area complete with the myths and legends to them that it is quite enjoyable to take a walk around in its premises.

Red Fort

A must visit for all the visitors to Delhi, Red Fort or Lal Qila is a massive red sandstone structure built on the shores of River Yamuna. Shah Jahan built it with a vision of shifting his capital from Agra to Delhi. It was completed in 1648 and has two main entrances - Delhi Gate and Lahori Gate. Lahori Gate of the Red Fort opens up to the so-famous Chandni Chowk market. Besides its rich archeology museum, the places worth seeing in this vast fort are Diwan-e-Am, the court where the king heard public grievances and Diwan-e-

Khas ('khas' means 'special'), which was meant for important visitors of the king. There is not-worth-a-miss 'Sound and Light Show' held here every evening in both Hindi and English languages, which retells the history of Delhi and mesmerize the guests with the beautiful performances.

Jama Masjid

Built by Shah Jahan, Jama Masjid was begun in 1650 and it took hard work of six years of more than 5000 workers to build the largest mosque in India. It was customary for the emperor and his courtiers to go to the mosque every Friday for attending 'Jumme ki namaaz', the congressional prayers. The magnificent example of Mughal architecture, Jama Masjid has three massive gateways - the largest and highest being on the east. This gateway was reserved exclusively for the stately appearance of the emperor. The red stone of the main courtyard sprawls across 408 square feet with a large marble tank in the center, which serves the purpose of making the water available for the devotees to wash themselves before offering prayers in the mosque. The three onion shaped domes made of white marble adorn the main mosque. They are inlaid with stripes of black slate. There are 130 ft. high minarets on the north and south of the mosque complex ready to offer its guests a fabulous bird's eye-view of the city. Besides the exemplary architecture, Jama Masjid has great religious significance as it houses the sacred hair believed to have come from the beard of the Prophet and a chapter of the Holy Quran, said to be written by Him.

Raj Ghat

A pilgrimage to all the patriotic Indians, this place was where the Father of The nation, Mahatama Gandhi, was cremated after his assassination in 1948. It consists of a simple square platform with the words 'Hey Ram' written on it. People come here and offer flowers at the place as a tribute to the great apostle of peace buried here. There is a Gandhi Memorial Museum nearby, where once can see and buy books and tapes containing the writings, speeches and memories of Gandhiji. A short distance to the north of Raj Ghat is Shanti Vana where Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, his daugher Indira Gandhi, who herself was a prominent figure in Indian politics and is till now the first and only women Prime Minister of India and her two sons, Rajiv (also the beloved Prime Minister) and Sanjay, were cremated.

Purana Qila

From the recent excavations near this fort, archaeological evidences such as pottery have been found which throws a new light on the existence of the city of Indraprastha at this place, as mentioned in the great epic of Mahabharata. Sher Shah Suri built the fort and completed it in 1545. However, he soon lost it to the Mughal emperor Humayun, who made good use of the octagonal red sandstone tower known as 'Sher Mandal' as his library and observatory. It is rumored that Humayun slipped from the second storey steps and met his death here. There is a dainty small lake in its premises, where one can enjoy boat rides during summers.

National Zoological Park

One of the biggest and finest in South Asia, the zoo was established in 1959. Situated close to the south of Purana Qila, Delhi Zoo is an open-air enclosure and its cages sprawls across an extensive area of 214 acres. More than 2,000 animals from varied species have found their homes here and one gets revitalized as one sees the curious children chuckling and clapping as they catch glimpses of the ferocious animals. This place is amongst the top favorite picnic spots for the families with small children.

 
Chandni Chowk

Just as Mughal Emperor Shahjahan built Red Fort as he shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi, Jahanara, her favorite daughter designed Chandni Chowk that was built in 1650 as an addition to the fort, which could be approached through the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort. A large chowk (meaning 'square') with a pool in the center was built at some distance from the fort and was occupied the wealthy people of the times. According to the common belief, it got its name from the silvery pool in the center shimmering on a moonlit night, while some other attribute it to the silversmiths that occupied the area. From the original arcade of shops built in a half-moon shape, it soon grew into a flourishing trading center that branched into a number of narrow bylanes in all directions. It is still the biggest market of Delhi and caters to all types of shopping needs of all the classes.
 

Jantar Mantar

If the large masonry structures in Jantar Mantar appear abstract and do not appeal to the first sight of the fine art lovers, be not deceived. Jantar Mantar is far way from being a modern art gallery. It is an observatory built on the blueprints of Raja Sawai Jai Singh II of Jaipur (1699-1743) who was an honored noble in the Mughal court during the times of Aurungzeb. It was said that the erroreneous brass and metal astronomical instruments of those times dissatisfied Sawai Jai Singh who was a keen

astronomer. After ensuring the safety of his kingdom by shaking hands with the mighty Mughals, he turned his attention to correcting the existing astronomical tables and contemporarize the almanac with more reliable instruments.

Delhi's Jantar Mantar is the first of the five observatories, the others being in Jaipur, Varanasi, Ujjain and Mathura. The Samrat Yantra is actually a simple equal hour sun dial, the Ram Yantra was used for reading altitudinal angles, Jai Prakash Yantra ascertained the position of the sun and other celestial bodies in the skies, while the Misra Yantra was a combination of four scientific gadgets.

Humayun's Tomb

Privileged to be assigned as a World Heritage site by UNESCO, this tomb was believed to be designed by Haji Begum, Humayun's Persian widow in the mid 16th century, shortly after his death in 1556. The tomb was an important predecessor of Mughal mausoleums. The 'Garden Tomb' as it is popularly called, is set amidst a geometrically planned garden with a number of water channels crisscrossing it. Typically, a Persian garden that would later be seen in the Red Fort of Delhi and Taj Mahal of Agra, its architectural form and especially its main chamber bears familiarity with the tomb of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler of Persia, Oljeytu, at Sultaniyya, which in turn was influenced by Timurid architecture of the tomb of Timur (Tamerlane) in Samarkand, the lineage of Babur.

The first Indian building to use the Persian double dome, Humayun's tomb is harmonious in its proportions and has some impressions of Indian architecture that are clearly visible in the small kiosks or chhatris on the roof. The building has beautiful inlaid tile work and intricately carved stone screens.

Nizamuddin's Dargah

Situated near to Humayun's tomb, is the famous shrine of the sufi saint Nizam-ud-din Auliya, who had come to India, all the way from Bukhara. Many other tombs surround the tank inside the premises of the tomb. The devotees of the great saint believe that there was a controversy between the rulers of Tughlaqabad and the saint over building this tank and the saint had already prophesized that the city of Tughlaqabad will never flourish. Time proved his prophesies to be true. Besides the main tomb of the Sufi saint, the shrine also encompasses the tombs of Amir Khusaru, the famous Urdu poet and Jahanara, the beloved daughter of Shah Jahan who designed Chandni Chowk. The best time to visit the place is around sunset on Thursdays, as people throng here during that time for the special worship and 'qawwali' singers perform melodiously after the evening prayers.

Lodhi Gardens

Not more than 3 km from Humayun's tomb, Lodhi Gardens lay adjoining to the India International Centre. Immensely popular with the residents and the visitors, it can be safesly said to be the South Delhi's most loved park and the favorite picnic spot that is also known for providing sufficient seclusion for the romantic couples who come here to spend some quite moments together. The gardens are well kept and sprawl across several acres. There is a jogging track for the health lovers and there are tombs amidst the gardens, belonging to the rulers of two dynasties, the Sayyaids and the Lodhis. It is also said that the tombs are actually the remnants of another city that was to be built in Delhi, but for some reasons, was never completed. Mohammed Shah's tomb dates back to 1450 and is said to be a prototype for the later Mughal emperor Humayun's tomb, a design that was continuously used and is still evident in the Taj Mahal. Other tombs in the premises of the gardens are those of his predecessor, Mubarak Shah dating back to 1433 and Ibrahim Lodi and Sikander Lodi (1517). The most notable of all these is Bara Gumbad Masjid, which has beautiful plaster decoration to its credit.

Pragati Maidan

This place is the site that hosts a number of fairs like Book fairs and expositions line Auto Expo that are held all round the year and in which thousands of businessmen and visitors from all over the country participate and attend enthusiastically. A massive complex sprawling over several acres, it is strategically located in the heart of the city and has several gates for entrance. The permanent pavilions showcasing exhibits from all the states of the country, a food plaza and Anarkali Bazaar (the shopping complex), adorn its premises.
 

Lotus Temple

Bahai faith represents the equality of mankind and oneness of its soul. The same feeling has been successfully transcended into the beautifully and scientifically degined Bahai Temple, designed by Fariburz Sahba, an Iranian-born Canadian architect, in shape of the lotus flower, symbol of purity throughout India and predominantly celebrates the number nine, which not only represents the highest digit but also unity in the Bahai faith. There are nine pools that have been constructed on the elevated platform signifying

the green leaves of the lotus and also serves to cool the stark, elegant interiors of the structure. The delicate and sleek architecture is built in two layers. The first layer consists of nine white marble-covered petals pointing towards heaven, while the second layer of nine petals serves to conceal the portals. When seen from a short distance, it looks like a fabulous example of origami work. The interior, especially, the Hall of Worship, conforms to that of all Bahai temples and is so silent that even a low whisper echoes loudly in the structure. No religious icons are housed here except the copies of the Holy Scriptures and wooden pews. The construction of the temple was completed in 1986.

Rashtrapati Bhavan

Situated near the circular building of the Parliament House, Rashtrapati Bhavan is the place where the first man of the Nation lives. The official residence of the President of India was once used as the official residence of the Viceroys stationed in India during the British Raj. Edward Lutyens designed this palatial complex. Cream and red-colored sandstones and diverse varieties of marble have been used in its construction. This extensive mansion has 340 rooms, 35 lobbies, vast expanses of well-maintained gardens and 37 fountains to boast of, and is certainly, the pride of India. Though the entry to this massive structure is naturally restricted, the famous Mughal Gardens (which is perhaps the best botanical garden of India and houses thousands of rare varieties of trees, shrubs yielding some of the most captivating flowers and fruits) are opened for public viewing for sometime from the end of February to the middle of March.

India Gate

Every Indian heart swells with pride and patriotism as it beholds this beloved gateway, which witnesses the Republic Day parade every year on 26th January, where the latest advancements in military artillery is shown to the public as soldiers and school children march in groups with beaming and bright faces illumined by the love for their motherland. The parade also has decorated vehilcles that glimpses from all the states and union territories of the country, called 'Jhankis'. Straight down the road from Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate is a famous war memorial at the east end of Rajpath. Edward Lutyens designed this 42 m high gate structure in memory of the thousands of Indians who sacrificed their lives in World War I. Today, an eternal flame is lit under the gate known as Amar Jawan Jyoti, to honor the unknown soldiers and the martyrs who lost their lives in the Pakistan war of 1971.